In the ancient Egyptian times there were 3 different periods, they are: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom

How do you know when the artifact was made???

There were different eras in ancient Egypt and different tings happened in those times, like the 10 plagues,  the time of the Hebrew slaves and Moses. So when these different things happened there were different tings that people drew and did. E.g.: when the Egyptians went through the 10 plagues they drew  pictures of blood , death and killing. This is how you can tell that this was the time of the 10 plagues.

You can also tell by the way that pottery was made. In the early ancient Egyptian times they invent lots of great things but as people grew old , more people came up with better ideas, so they wouldn’t break or hold more. The newer generations also invented new and better things to use.